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                    <h1>jvm 方法调用</h1>
                    <h2 class="subheading">本节是方法调用，不涉及方法执行</h2>
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                        Posted by Ethan on
                        2016-10-01
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                <h2 id="方法调用"><a href="#方法调用" class="headerlink" title="方法调用"></a>方法调用</h2><ul>
<li>概述：本节是方法调用，不涉及方法执行<ul>
<li>所有方法在class字节码文件中的常量池中都是符号引用，不是内存中的入口地址</li>
<li>在类加载和运行期间，才能知道这个方法的直接引用(内存地址)</li>
<li>方法的调用，分成解析调用(静态)和分派调用两大类(可能是静态也可能是动态)<h3 id="一、解析调用-静态"><a href="#一、解析调用-静态" class="headerlink" title="一、解析调用(静态)"></a>一、解析调用(静态)</h3></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>概述：<ul>
<li>类生命周期的解析阶段，就有一部分符号引用被转化成了直接引用。</li>
<li>这种情况的前提，就是程序在执行前，方法就有确定的版本，并且方法的调用版本在运行期间不可变(方法不能被重写)</li>
<li>符合这个要求的主要包括静态方法和私有方法，会在类加载阶段解析</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>1、方法调用字节码指令：<ul>
<li><code>invokestatic</code>：调用静态方法</li>
<li><code>invokespecial</code>：调用实例构造器<code>&lt;init&gt;()</code>，私有方法和父类方法</li>
<li><code>invokevirtual</code>：调用所有虚方法</li>
<li><code>invokeinterface</code>：调用接口方法，会在运行时在确定一个实现此接口的对象</li>
<li><code>invokedynamic</code>：先在运行时动态解析出调用点限定符所引用的方法，然后在执行该方法<ul>
<li>再此之前的四条调用指令，分派逻辑是固化在jvm内部的，而invokedynamic分派逻辑是由用户设定的引到法决定的</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>2、类解析阶段：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>invokestatic</code>和 <code>invokespecial</code>指令调用的方法，类解析阶段确定唯一调用版本<ul>
<li>静态方法、私有方法、构造器、父类方法4类(能确定方法版本的唯一性)，被称为非虚方法。剩余被称为虚方法(除final方法)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>final</code>方法<ul>
<li><code>final</code>方法被<code>invokevirtual</code>指令调用，但是<code>final</code>方法不能被重写，只有唯一版本。所以被<code>final</code>修饰的方法也是非虚方法</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>3、总结：主要是因为多态，不能确定方法版本，所有就造成了方法动态性。只要是非虚方法就会在类生命周期的解析阶段确定其唯一性，生成直接应用。</p>
<h3 id="二、分派-重写和重载"><a href="#二、分派-重写和重载" class="headerlink" title="二、分派(重写和重载)"></a>二、分派(重写和重载)</h3></li>
<li>概述：<h4 id="1、静态分派-方法的重载，overload"><a href="#1、静态分派-方法的重载，overload" class="headerlink" title="1、静态分派(方法的重载，overload)"></a>1、静态分派(方法的重载，overload)</h4></li>
<li>概述：所有依赖静态类型确定方法执行版本的分派动作被称为，静态分派。<ul>
<li>静态分派发生在编译阶段，因此不由jvm运行时控制</li>
<li>会自动去查找方法参数中，和静态类型最接近的方法。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>Human</code>称为静态类型，<code>Man</code>称为实际类型。</p>
<ul>
<li>静态类型和实际类型在程序中都可以发生一些变化<ul>
<li>静态类型的变化，是在使用时发生，变量本身的静态类型不会发生变化，并且最终的静态类型是在编译期可知的</li>
<li>实际类型的变化，是在运行期确定，编译器在编译时不能确定对象类型</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>代码：<br><code>public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
  super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
  Human man = new Man();
  Human woman = new Human();
  sayHello(man);
  sayHello(woman);
}
class Human { }
class Man extends Human { }
class Woman extends Human { }
public void sayHello(Human guy) {
  Log.i(&quot;Ethan&quot;, &quot;hello Human&quot;);
}
public void sayHello(Man guy) {
  Log.i(&quot;Ethan&quot;, &quot;hello Man&quot;);
}
public void sayHello(Woman guy) {
  Log.i(&quot;Ethan&quot;, &quot;hello Woman&quot;);
}
}</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>输出结果是：<br><code>Ethan: hello Human   
Ethan: hello Human</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>确定重载方法版本</p>
<ul>
<li>编译器只能从众多方法版本中，<code>根据方法参数类型</code>查找到和给定类型的最接近的那个方法</li>
<li>原因：字面量不需要定义(调用方法时传递的参数)，字面量只能根据语言规则去理解和推断<ul>
<li>也就是方法分派是有优先级的。根据静态类型最接近的去确定，类型转化，自动装箱</li>
<li>js不需要编译，也没有这种类型转化，也就不存在方法的重载<h4 id="2、动态分派-方法重写-Override"><a href="#2、动态分派-方法重写-Override" class="headerlink" title="2、动态分派(方法重写@Override)"></a>2、动态分派(方法重写@Override)</h4></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>invokevirtual</code>指令解析多态查找方法</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>这就是java重写的本质：</strong></li>
<li>找到操作数栈顶，第一个元素所指向的对象的实际类型，记做C。</li>
<li>如果在堆内obj的C中找到与常量池中描述符和简单名称都相符的方法。进行权限校验：<ul>
<li>通过返回方法直接引用(方法地址)</li>
<li>不通过，抛出<code>java.lang.IllegalAccessError</code>异常 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>否则，按照继承关系自下而上进行查找。查找C的父类以及祖辈。</li>
<li>如果始终没有找到，抛出<code>java.lang.AbstractMethodError</code>异常</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="3、单分派与多分派"><a href="#3、单分派与多分派" class="headerlink" title="3、单分派与多分派"></a>3、单分派与多分派</h4><ul>
<li>概述：<ul>
<li>方法的接收者和方法的参数统称为方法的宗量</li>
<li>单分派：根据一个宗量对目标方法进行选择<ul>
<li>动态分派：jvm运行时，只会根据方法的实际接收者，确定方法的唯一版本</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>多分派：根据多于一个宗量对目标方法进行选择<ul>
<li>静态分派：根据静态类型和方法参数进行选择。(重载多个方法)<h4 id="4、jvm动态分派实现"><a href="#4、jvm动态分派实现" class="headerlink" title="4、jvm动态分派实现"></a>4、jvm动态分派实现</h4></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>概述：jvm动态分派是非常频繁的动作，动态分派方法版本需要在运行时类的方法元数据区中搜索合适的目标方法。为了避免频繁搜索，所以在方法区里面建了一个虚方法表<ul>
<li>使用虚方法表索引，代替搜索元数据 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>虚方法表<ul>
<li>存放着方法的实际入口地址。</li>
<li>子类没有重写方法，那么子类和父类的方法就会有相同的方法地址入口</li>
<li>子类重写了方法，子类方发表中的地址将会替换子类实现方法的地址入口</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>方法表一般是在类加载的初始化阶段完成<ul>
<li>jvm初始化完类的变量初始值，jvm也会把方法表初始化完毕 <h3 id="二、动态类型语言支持"><a href="#二、动态类型语言支持" class="headerlink" title="二、动态类型语言支持"></a>二、动态类型语言支持</h3></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>概述：<code>invokedynamic</code>字节码指令是lambda表达式的技术准备<h4 id="1、动态类型语言"><a href="#1、动态类型语言" class="headerlink" title="1、动态类型语言"></a>1、动态类型语言</h4></li>
<li>概述：<ul>
<li>动态类型语言：类型检查的主题是在运行期，而不是编译器(js)<ul>
<li>变量无类型，而变量值有类型。 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>静态类型语言：编译器就进行类型检查 </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


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